Derek Krueger, professor of religious studies, often shakes up his class on Christianity in Byzantium with this view: “The Bible doesn’t come down from heaven pristine and complete, shrink-wrapped in plastic.”
The reaction from students, many raised in the Bible Belt, usually goes one of two ways. Those with a rebellious streak, he says, “are eager to destabilize the authority of the Christianity they grew up with.” On the other hand, some students are threatened by the different viewpoint.
For the past 25 years, Dr. Krueger’s scholarship on Christian culture in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Middle Ages has enriched — and at times veered from — traditional Western views of the religion. In his latest contribution, “The New Testament in Byzantium,” he has co-edited a series of essays exploring the transmission and reception of the Bible in the medieval Greek-speaking world, in the region around Constantinople — today’s Istanbul, Turkey.
Mostly illiterate, Byzantine worshippers from the 5th through 12th centuries C.E. learned about the New Testament through prayers, songs, chants, and lengthy, melodious sermons — led by clergy who interpreted and embellished Bible stories. Such an oral and visual tradition is less familiar to worshippers today who generally embrace the Bible as a text and buckle down on Sunday mornings for an hour of Scripture reading and preaching, with the occasional hymn.
“In Byzantium, the Bible came alive not just in the reading,” Krueger says. “The authority wasn’t so much in the words themselves but in the way in which the stories were interpreted. Most people in the Middle Ages didn’t cite the Bible verses to fight about this-or-that social issue. They tended to engage with the Bible in a way that was part of their broader imagination about the way the world worked.”